The Advances in Watches and Clocks down the Ages

A clock is an electrical or mechanical device aside from a watch for computing and representing time. The term 'clock' is derived from "cloche", a French word that indicates a bell. Glocio is Latin for bell, clugga is Saxon and glocke is German for bell.

The clock is amongst the earliest of human creations, meeting the requirement to constantly compute time intervals far less than natural units, day, lunar month, and a year. Instruments are needed to carry out such computations. Instruments working on many varied physical processes have indeed been employed down the ages, finally ending in the present day clocks.

Now the sundial that computes the time of the day by the bearing of the sun’s shadows was extensively employed in olden days. A well-made sundial can compute local solar time to a fair degree of exactness, and sundials were employed continuously to observe the clocks’ performance until contemporary times. But, its practical drawbacks - it needs the sun to glow and cannot operate in the night at all – promoted the employment of other methods for computing time.

The alarm clock’ first prototype was manufactured by the Greeks somewhere about 250 BC. Now the Greeks constructed a water clock in which the rising waters would record time and in due course strike a mechanical bird, which set off an alerting whistle.

Incense sticks and candle clocks, which burn down at nearly expected speeds too have been employed to compute the passage of time. Now in the hourglass, fine sand spills through a minute hole at a steady rate and represents a preset passing of an arbitrary time period.

Together with sundials, water clocks are perhaps, the earliest time-computing devices. Taking into account their wonderful relics, the time and location of their earliest existence are unknown and maybe will never be known. In ancient times, the objective of employing water clocks was for astrological and astronomical reasons. These initial water clocks were attuned to a sundial.

The earliest European public clock, which sounded the hours, was built in 1335 in Milan, and the most ancient clocks in existence can be found in England (1386) as well as in France (1389). Jost Burgi, in 1577, developed the minute hand. Christian Huygens in 1656, developed the pendulum, thus ensuring clocks became more precise. In 1859, Big Ben was set up and remains the norm for all precise tower pendulum clocks.

Quartz crystal pulses were first used in 1929 for keeping time. Drawing from the earlier piezoelectricity work, an extremely precise clock was developed that is based on the standard quartz crystal pulses in an electrical circuit; a quartz-crystal timepiece used in observatories has at the most has an error of only some ten-thousandths of a second each day.

The Atomic clock constitutes yet another development in watch manufacturing. In 1951, the initial atomic clock started functioning. Atomic clocks that are controlled by a system of atoms’ natural periodic behavior (like radiation emission or vibrations) tend to have precisions over one billionth of a second each day, thus ensuring that they are the most precise clocks developed so far. In America, atomic clocks are employed as the countrywide standard for recording time.

These days, we tend to accept time for what it is. Our clocks operate well and in case there is any difficulty, we insist on being told why it happened. It destroys our life. Simply consider that in case you had to prevent a dear one from traveling abroad at noon, merely to discover that when you glance at your watch, it is not working. Akin to cell phones, watches too are rapidly moving from being a luxury device to an indispensable one.

Source: http://www.stunningclocks.com